International Conference on Public Administration Traditions and Reforms: Case of Mongolia and International Experience

The Federal Ministerial Bureaucracy, The Legislative Process And Better Regulation

Introduction
Since the end of the 1990s, against the backdrop of increasing international competition, growing regulatory density and demands on the output legitimacy of legislative action, there has been a debate around the concept of Better Regulation in Germany and Europe. Better Regulation reforms are directed at anchoring institutional mechanisms to ensure lower costs, enhanced effectiveness and better executability of regulations as well as improving the legislative process. First, these reforms attempt to stem the growing flood of legal norms and overregulation with the objective of the state to enhance its scope of action. Second, they are meant to reduce red tape and the compliance costs of new legislation for businesses, citizens and public administration. Third, Better Regulation reforms are directed at increasing the effectiveness of political interventions and at systemically considering the non-intended side effects of regulations in order to revise and improve them. While the fundamental debate surrounding reducing red tape, Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) and evaluation is by no means new, some facets of the more recent discourse are indeed innovative. This concerns, on the one hand, the influence of the European Union (EU) on national legislation and the bureaucratic burdens caused by adopting EU law. On the other hand, new methods for RIA have been developed, such as the Standard Cost Model (SCM) for estimating bureaucratic

Civil Service Training and Development: Historical Aspects and Challenges

Introduction
The century-long history of training and developing civil servants in Mongolia is inextricably intertwined with the history of the civil service training institution, which has evolved from the Partys temporary school established in 1924 to the present-day of the National Academy of Governance (NAOG). Despite undergoing 12 major and minor transformations and changes in name, the institution has consistently fulfilled its role in training, preparing, and requalifying human resources for the Mongolian government.
This paper briefly examines the training and development of civil servants in Mongolia through the three phases of the Academy’s development and identifies the challenges facing the civil service training at the beginning of the new century.

Administrative Reform In Mongolia: Stages, Lessons Learned

Foreword
The administration is criticized for its lack of acceptance in change, as well as being rigid and bureaucratic based on features such as relatively stable structure, fixed functions and tasks, limited budget, adhered to regulations. However, attempts to change the administration have been constantly discussed. It is said that the change was initially aimed at changing the organizational structure and rules and was limited to partial decentralization or re-centralization of power. However, since the middle of the 1970s, reforms to introduce management methods in the developed countries of the West, and subsequently in the world to improve the operation of the public sector,
were able to change the public sector, including the administration to an unprecedented extent, which is evident for everyone after 50 years. Since the beginning of the 1990s, political, economic, and social changes were taking place in Mongolia. There was an urgent need to change the public sector and administration, and there was a favourable opportunity to implement reforms based on concepts that had been successfully implemented in other countries and had clear positive results. However, the administrative reforms in Mongolia have not been consistently and steadily implemented at times, conflicting concepts and goals have been formulated, there have been many cases turned back, lost, and failed. The reform of public administration in Mongolia was divided into four phases depending on their concept of reform, the policy direction and goals pursued by the government at that time, and the period of implementation.

Governance and characteristics of anticorruption Policy in Korea and Mongolia

Introduction
Anti-corruption policies are essential in every country, and the presence of a corruption-free, integrity-driven civil service organization is a basic factor in national development. Corruption within government organizations negatively impacts various aspects of national development. Government corruption primarily undermines the efficiency and effectiveness of all policies and programs overseen by the government. However, the most critical impact of corruption is that it hampers peoples trust in the government. Both the Mongolian and Korean governments have consistently pursued anticorruption policies, and KIPA (Korea Institute of Public Administration) and NAOG (National Academy of Governance) have been conducting joint research since June 2024 to examine the characteristics of anti-corruption policies in both countries and to identify strategies for improving Mongolias anticorruption efforts. This article provides the overview of the Korean governments anti-corruption policies and features, and some initial findings of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the research report on the Mongolian governments anti-corruption legislative environment, governance, and perception survey results. It is divided into two main parts, each focusing on two countries anti-corruption legal environment, policies and public perception surveys done by KIPA and NAOG according to the same format. The joint research report will be completed in December 2024.

New Challenges in Capacity Building of Civil Servants in Public Administration in India

Abstract: 

In India, National Training Policy was formed in 2012, replacing the old policy of 1996. This was needed because of two reasons, new areas of administration given in the reports of second administrative reforms commission setup in 2005 and changing environment in different spheres of governance and new challenges of administration being faced by the civil servants. The focus was to enhance competencies which encompass knowledge, skill and attitude/behaviour of civil servants for effective functioning. This was a very detailed exercise in which role of training institutions, states, ministries and departments were given in details. There was emphasis on work ethics and culture for inclusive development in the country. The new setup of ‘Capacity Building Commission (CBC) in 2021 is for ‘lifelong learning for all’ and with the mission to create optimal
learning opportunities for each civil servant. Mission Karmayogi, a national programme for capacity building of civil servants is a unique digital portal providing opportunity to enhance their knowledge and skill online to perform better in their present role. The focus of CBC is to change the focus of training from ‘rule based to role based training’. In last few decades many new areas have emerged as an important part of Public Administration. National development policies are focused on environmental management,
disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and sustainability. Natural resource management for sustainable economic development or infrastructure development, sustainable agriculture, forestry, management of common property resources, culture and ethics are given priority in administration. Use of Science and Technology, GIS and remote sensing, e-governance, simulation and scientific modelling became essential and integral part of administration. Central and state training institutions are being equi pped with new training modules on these subjects, state of the art infrastructure, and trained faculty to deliver adequate knowledge and skill of these subjects. There is need to develop new pedagogies and digital material for effective capacity building. International best practices and experiential learning are also important aspects of adult learning which are being used in induction and mid-career trainings by most of the training institutions in India.

From developmental state to innovative Inclusive state insights from Korea for Sustainable development in transitional Economies

Introduction: 

Theory of state and developmental state In 2019, Korea celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Provisional Government and the 71st anniversary of its establishment, transitional as an advanced nation. This achievement is unprecedented in world history, marking both industrialization and democratization among late-modernizing countries.
At the time of the governments establishment, Koreas GNP was 12%, with 73% of government revenue coming from U.S. aid. Today, Korea ranks as the 11th largest
economy globally and is the seventh member of the 30-50 club nations with populations exceeding 50 million and per capita incomes over $30,000. According
to the democracy index by The Economist, Korea is classified as a full democracy. Koreas national development, which achieved rapid growth by swiftly shedding
the remnants of a feudal predatory state, has thus become a significant historical phenomenon. There is a consensus that Koreas modernization, which has gained global
historical significance, was successful due to effective state intervention. The Developmental State Theory, which has been instrumental in the development of East Asian countries, including Korea, over the past half-century, emphasizes the crucial role of active state intervention in economic growth. This theory highlights strong political leadershi p, an impartial bureaucracy, and the states exceptional planning and coordination capabilities as the primary driving forces behind this development.

Enter The Matrix: Purposive And Information-Backed Capacity Development

Introduction
The globalized world is a double-edged sword, the interconnectedness of our socio-economic systems bring great opportunities for prosperity but they also bring risks that we all must face in this shared paradigm. We are still recovering from the devastation of COVID-19, there are tensions in several flashpoints in the East and the West which negatively affect supply chains, inflation is globally on the rise and climate change has wreaked havoc bringing with it flooding in South Asia, Wildfires in North America, and more intense tropical storms here in the Pacific. The global is now local and vice versa. This also apply to the disruptions that arise that is complicated by domestic contexts- governments in all levels, need to be agile and utilize sound data in decision making and execution, thus helping guide responsive decisions and service delivery. By harnessing available data, provinces, cities and munici palities can gain a precise picture of needs and quickly mobilize solutions - whether responding to viral spread or disaster damage. Digital systems allow delivering services seamlessly wherever and whenever required. Moreover, utilizing data and systems thinking can further enhance Capacity Development efforts at the National and Sub-national levels. This is what will be discussed in this paper entitled Enter the Matrix  Purposive and Information-backed Capacity Development.

Mongolian Civil Service and Human Resource Management: Reforms and Challenges

Introduction

Civil service refers to activities, structure and arrangements for the implementation of the state’s goals and functions within the scope of the Constitution of Mongolia and other laws and regulations, developing state policies and provision of mandatory government services to the public. Ideally, the civil service is to be non-partisan, relatively independent, accountable, merit based with professionals to represent interests of citizens, responsive to their needs, and of a size and structure that commensurate with
capacity to deliver core government functions. However, not all countries meet these requirements, and as a result, reforms of the civil service have become a pressing problem in many countries today. The conseque nces of partisanshi p or dominance of a certain group of elites in the civil service, corruption in both public and private institutions, increasing number of deskilled and demotivated employees, unequal distribution of public services, budget deficits, inability to guarantee social security for civil
servants, overlaps and gaps in duties and responsibilities of a position leads to dysfunction and inefficiency of the civil service, which, in turn, leads to a loss of public confidence in governance.

Small Steps to Big Achievements: Innovative Practice of Internet Plus Government Service of Local Government in China

Introduction
The concept of Internet plus government service has been at the forefront of local government service innovation in China for many years. The innovative practices in China have not only significantly improved local government services but also sparked theoretical thinking, with some local practices becoming global case studies. How does Internet plus government service innovation come about? Is technology the driving force behind each service reform? What insights can be gained for future innovations?

The innovation of Internet plus government services cannot be achieved solely through technology. A generic49 framework known as the Technology- Organization-Environment (TOE) framework 50 are suitable to explain how the adoption and use of new technologies are influenced by three main components, i.e. the technology itself, the organizational context in which it is used, and the external environment in which the organization operates.

Change in Forms of Governance: Lessons from Public Administration in the Kyrgyz Republic

Introduction
In the post-Soviet countries following the collapse of the USSR, constitutional reforms were carried out, and various forms of governance were chosen: presidential, parliamentary, or different variants of mixed forms of government. In the CIS countries, the experience of foreign countries was used differently to establish the procedures for forming the highest institutions of state power, their responsibilities, and their interactions. In each state, the form of government acquired its unique characteristics, taking into account historical experience, the mentality and traditions of the people, the activity of political forces, and so on. The political elites and the peoples of these countries have had to adapt to entirely new socio-economic relations associated with the processes of forming relatively democratic political regimes, as well as an open and market-oriented economy [Nechkin, 2020]. The search for suitable forms of governance is primarily aimed at ensuring sustainable socio-economic development and economic growth. Overall, comparative analysis indicates that a country’s economic development is only loosely dependent on its form of governance. Numerous internal and external
factors influence this, including the strategic goals set by state authorities and their coordinated actions in priority areas of development.

Major Challenges Associated with Reform and Innovation of Leadership Training and Development (LTD), and Some Proposed Solutions: Reflections on LTD Practices of CELAP

Abstract:

Since the reform and opening up, Chinas leadership training has experienced three stages of development: the initial stage of leadership training and development in the early period of Chinas reform and opening up to the world (1978-2002), the rapid growing stage of leadership training and development in the period of fast growing economy and society (2002-2012) and the innovative development stage of leadership training and development guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era(2012-present).The continuous improvement of the capability and quality of the senior leadership team has laid a solid foundation of civil servants for the socialist modernization construction with Chinese characteristics in more than 40 years of reform and opening up. Based on the research of China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong (CELAP), three major problems were found in current leadership training: firstly, how would a training institute make training more helpful and
enlightening to the trainees’ practical work; secondly, How would a training institute enhance the sense of substitution and timeliness of loyalty education; thirdly, how would a training institution improve the efficiency of leaders’ career development with skills obtained from the practical training programs. Based on the findings of this study, the following policy recommendations were generated from the study of leadership training programs: first of all, we must accurately target the needs of senior leaders and enhance the pertinence of program content; secondly, we need to make an effective connection of the happiness views of contemporary leaders with their job aspiration in leadership training so as to enhance their epochal nature of loyalty; and lastly, we need to focus on problem-oriented solution and reflection so as to further strengthen the systematic design of leadership training programs.

Improving the Training System for Civil Servants in the Kyrgyz Republic

Introduction
Professional competence of civil servants is one of the princi ples of the civil service of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to country’s legislation professional development of civil servants is their right and duty. The foundations of the modern system of advanced training and retraining (training) of civil servants of the Kyrgyz Republic were introduced in 2013, during the modernization of the civil service institute (Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2011). The formation of a training system for civil servants required the adoption of legal acts regulating its main components. This allowed to establish regular training of employees holding administrative positions and reduce the severity of the problem of the need of government bodies to improve the skills of civil servants. However, not all tasks related to the formation of a training system for civil servants have been solved. For example, regular monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of training of civil servants, research and analytical work, etc. have not been established (Abdyramanova Ch.Sh., 2019). The practice of conducting training for civil servants also revealed the imperfection of some regulatory documents.
The need to improve the system of training for civil servants has become especially relevant after the adoption of the new Law on Civil Service and the implementation of a new personnel policy aimed at forming a civil service focused on goals achievement, high-quality solutions to problems and performing state functions, and conscientiously serving society. The purpose of the paper is to describe the key changes in the system of training of civil servants in the Kyrgyz Republic based on an analysis of the practice of its functioning and legal acts in this area adopted in recent years.

Realisation of Sustainable Development Goals Through Panchayati Raj Institutions

Abstract

Gram panchayats (GPs), being constitutionally mandated and closest to the people, can anchor the responsibility of localising the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and achieving them by the year 2030. In this article, published reports have been used for analysing state-wise status of SDGs achievements and their correlations with attainments in areas of poverty-reduction and other developmental indicators. Also, progress made by GPs on various metrics related to SDGs has been corroborated with other relevant metrics. For effective functioning and service-delivery capacity of panchayats it is necessary that they are sufficiently empowered with functions and responsibilities as per aspirations of the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, 1993, strengthened with basic infrastructure and technical manpower to harness the full potential of digitization and also incentivized for augmenting their own sources of revenue.

Online Education and Community Participation in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities to Ensure Inclusive Learning During COVID-19 School Closure

Abstract
Like most other countries around the world, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the education system in Bangladesh has gone through a radical change from the beginning of March 2020 onwards. The study attempts to analyse teachers’, students’ and parents’ perceptions and experiences about the online education in the COVID-19 pandemic at the school level. To fulfil the research objectives, the study selects some private schools (kindergarten to high school) in the Chattogram District of Bangladesh. The study strongly advocates for making the online classes more effective and inclusive for all. There is a need to bring a strategic change from the course curriculum to the teaching process and ensure an amalgamation of all types of interventions (online and offline classes) for online learning activities through a unified policy direction.

Institutional Dynamics of Governance Reform in India (1991–2016)

Abstract
Loss of governance reform efficacy is an identified entrenched institutional problem in systems. Reform, anywhere, is a sticky material because holders of powers and their cronies have rarely shown altruistic intentions of relaxing their profiteering grips over resources. Instead, they have done their best to retain, defend and preach status quo; howsoever ossified or inhuman in form. Under these circumstances, governance reforms surface under fiscal compulsions, public order implications and/or interventions from the judiciary. This article takes up the case of India, a country where power holding, too, has been a compulsive exercise of mediation on such matters. To examine efficacy, it goes into the institutional dynamics of textual politics in course correction and process implementation. The case is built up on the strength of evidence from economic reforms, administrative reforms, police reforms, devolution strategies and corporate governance reforms during the past 25 years. The article highlights discourse ethics and concludes with a heuristic intent.